environmental pollution
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Language: English
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- In Shanghai, China, industrial contamination is very severe and periodic insulator washing is performed not only in substations but also on transmission lines.
- Oil spills have caused significant environmental problems, placing the requirement of efficient and low-cost materials for the decontamination and cleanup.
- Plastic waste is one of the major environmental concerns.
- With the increase of construction solid waste (CSW) in China's urbanization construction, many ecological and environmental problems have been raised.
- The amount of industrial waste generated and the overexploitation of quarries worldwide are becoming one of the serious environmental problem.
- Excessive phosphorus in water is the primary culprit for eutrophication, which causes approximately $2.
- Water contamination from industrial and anthropogenic activities is nowadays a major issue in many countries worldwide.
- Fuels combustion, polluting the atmosphere is a side effect of an engines' work.
- Noise can cause a few types of effect to human health especially in hearing like hearing loss.
- The environmental performance of consumer products is a major concern for many companies.
- The growing amount of waste rubber produced from used tires has resulted in an environmental problem.
- Milk adulteration is a global concern.
- Wooden structures pollute the environment considerably less than the structures made of bricks, glass or concrete.
- Environmental pollutions, especially those caused by the electromagnetic radiations, are considered one of the most challenging issues facing today's world.
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread environmental contaminants of human health concern because of their carcinogenicity.
- Among the industrial solids residues of galvanic wastes have been paid special attention justified by their compositional characteristics that constitute a source of environmental contamination due their high heavy metals content.
- To mitigate the potential environmental pollution of discarded tires and waste carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), the present study investigates the feasibility of collaborative use of these recycled materials, which is called recycled CFRP fiber reinforced rubberized concrete (RFRRC).
- In recent decades, highly efficient deep desulfurization processes have become very necessary to decrease environmental pollution due to sulfur emissions from fuels.
- With the increasing applications of metal-based nanoparticles in various commercial products, it is necessary to address their environmental fate and potential toxicity.
- From the perspective of basic human health, arsenic is extremely toxic and highly lethal, which will enter surface water and groundwater through industrial production and eventually enter human beings through the food chain, causing immeasurable harm.
- Coal waste is the largest industrial solid waste generated from coal preparation plants during the processing and cleaning of coal for electric power generation.
- Environmental pollution caused by pesticides and ultra-trace amounts of inorganic ions in the different environmental samples has become an issue of serious concern in the last years.
- What are public and industry attitudes to reducing maritime emissions? What factors influence industry decision making on whether to reduce maritime emissions?
- Are there risks associated with this new energy landscape and how could they be best controlled? Do co-located technologies pose new hazards and risks? What new hazards arise from how new energy systems are integrated and controlled?
- What is the relationship between chemicals and environmental and human stressors, such as climate change and biodiversity loss? What will the impact be on ecosystem services, both now and in the future?
- How can innovation in chemical production, use, and disposal across the supply chain minimise chemical-related risks, benefiting the circular economy and reducing pollution?
- What are the biggest chemical, pesticide, and hazardous waste-related risks to the environment and human health, both in the UK and globally? What are the costs of inaction? How are these risks most effectively monitored and managed, and what is the role of government?
- Improve quantification of air pollution and noise impacts on ecosystems
- Better understanding of ecosystem responses to air quality impacts and of restoration trajectories / rates of recovery of impacted systems in response to policy interventions
- Assess how marine protected areas can act as nature-based solutions to the effects of climate change by sequestering carbon
- Further our understanding of how climate change is affecting the health of the ocean as a result of acidification and warming seas
- How effective are marine protected areas and how can we monitor and evaluate the ecological, social, economic, and cultural costs and benefits of these areas?
- Understand the risks from contaminants of emerging concern, micro and macro marine plastic litter, emergencies (for example oil spills), and man-made underwater noise
- What will be the environmental impact of the copper switch-off and recovery of copper wiring? This includes the emissions used to recover the copper wiring, and the emissions savings from reduced need to mine and refine copper?
- What are the changes that will affect the quality and availability of agricultural land and how will these affect UK’s food and farming systems?
- How do we better understand the impacts of climate change on water, habitats, and species?
- How do we better understand the impact of the past, the pressures on the present, and the changes of the future when understanding water and the environment?
- How can it be ensured that our regulatory approach accommodates future trends in new technologies and health and environmental hazards?
- What new environmental techniques should be utilised in the analysis of road schemes that are not currently set out in Transport Analysis Guidance?
- What are the interdependencies between addressing different environmental impacts (e.g., CO2 and noise)?
- What are the specific health impacts of transport related particulate matter such as that caused by tyre and brake wear? Do different types of particulate pose different risks?
- What are the real-world pollutant emissions of road vehicles, including non-exhaust emissions, and what are the technologies that can be used to reduce them?
- How are the local environmental impacts of aviation evolving through time (e.g., noise and air quality) and how can they best be mitigated?
- What are the impacts on nitrogen oxides of using hydrogen in internal combustion engines? Can they be mitigated? Are there any other emissions of concern?
- What evidence exists about the role of transport related air pollution (NOx and PM2.5) and social inequality in England, with consideration for social, economic, and geographic factors?
- What is the role of roadway design and traffic management on local PM2.5 concentrations?
- How can we design and embed robust, cross-cutting indicators of, and improve our understanding of, human, animal, plant, and environmental health in systems under pressure from climate change?
- How can we optimise the food system to support future food production and consumption sustainably whilst reducing environmental impacts?
- How can we develop pathways towards net zero that are socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable? What is the range of viable solutions, and what are the associated co-benefits and trade-offs? This includes developing spatially explicit models and tools to inform decisions at the landscape level, including prioritisation of conflicting land use demands
- How can we monitor emissions arising as a result of digital consumption?
- What skills are needed to implement improvements in creative industries environmental impact and to meet Net Zero targets? What are the best mechanisms for developing these skills in the workforce?
- How do we incorporate the full spectrum of natural capital and the value of the benefits it provides into policy development, analysis, and appraisal? What are the tools we need to make use of robust economic values easier for everyone – across government and beyond?
- How can we most effectively implement nature-based solutions, such as tree planting and peatland restoration, to address climate change, support progress to net zero carbon emission, reduce biodiversity loss and prevent poverty?
- What are the positive and negative environmental impacts of increasing renewable energy production (wind, solar, geothermal, and so on) and other actions taken to decarbonise the economy?
- How can we improve horizon scanning capability for emerging global chemical risks to the environment?
- Improve our understanding of how behavioural change can help meet air quality and noise/soundscape policy ambitions and improve the evaluation and dissemination of effective policy interventions
- What are the population-level impacts of sublethal pesticide and other chemical exposure in the environment?
- Develop innovative and improved abatement technologies for air pollutant emissions and noise generation across all sectors and sources
- Can other land-based approaches to greenhouse gas removal, such as enhanced weathering and biochar, help achieve net zero without negative environmental impacts?
- Develop new and improved monitoring and modelling approaches, incorporating systems-based considerations which better reflect real world changes
- Develop methods to assess personal exposure to air pollution and noise at a range of spatial scales and quantify health impacts and costs
- Understand differential toxicity of particulate components, the importance of non-exhaust sources, relevance of pollutant mixtures, and the biological mechanisms for effects from different sound sources
- What are the interventions needed to reverse climate change or at least hold it steady to begin to mitigate the multiple stresses it causes?
- What are the competing pressures, trade-offs, and synergies of different land-uses in relation to climate change in a post COVID-19 world?
- Using climate-smart management, how do we best protect marine biodiversity that might change as a result of climate change?
- How can we enable better biosecurity standards and behaviours to control and minimise the impact of disease and pests? how can we build systems that are resilient to introductions of pests and diseases and that can support adaptation and recovery? How can we breed animals and plants which are resistant to key diseases?
- How can the UK optimise sustainable growth of biomass for use in power generation (bioenergy) and, with appropriate storage, for removal of atmospheric CO2? How can the negative environmental consequences from biomass production and use (on soil quality, water quality, air quality, and biodiversity) be minimised? What’s the full life cycle analysis for different feedstock? What’s the scalability of different feedstocks within sustainable limits?
- How can we manage the land to provide benefits to society and minimise harm to the aquatic ecosystem?
- How can we develop and apply science, technology, and evidence to inform and deliver a risk-based approach to animal and plant biosecurity?
- How should policies be designed and schemes implemented to help the food and farming sector preserve and enhance the natural environment, while meeting other priorities such as the commitment to net zero emissions of greenhouse gases?
- How do we reduce the impacts of production on the environment through more sustainable food production, processing, and manufacture? And how do we influence consumer choice towards healthy and sustainable dietary choices?
- How can the UK protect and increase its standing stock of organic carbon: trees, peat, soil, and salt marshes? How can these habitats most efficiently be distributed spatially given limited land and other needs (for example urban space, food production, recreation)? How can increases in carbon stocks be achieved while maximising co-benefits such as biodiversity, clean water, and nutrient balance?
- How do we respond effectively to challenges including a rapidly growing population, changing consumption trends, finite land use, resource constraints, changing climate, globalised markets, and black swan events such as COVID-19 all of which impact on food and farming system security and supply chain resilience?
- What will be the ecological, economic, and social impacts of sea level rise? How effective are our current responses?
- How will the changing climate affect the persistence and movement of chemical contaminants in the environment?
- How do we effectively monitor and assess the impact of emerging threats on water quality and ecology (for example plastics, antimicrobial resistance, neonicotinoid pesticides, nanoparticles, pharmaceuticals, invasive species, and chemicals) to inform risk-based decision making?
- How can we build resilience of biodiversity and society to climate change through ecosystem restoration, better land management, and land use?
- What are the actions that will have the biggest impact on restoring freshwater habitats as far as possible to more naturally functioning ecosystems?
- What is the impact of rising sea level on coastal systems, natural, and human? Can natural systems help to mitigate against coastal incursion and degradation?
- Horizon scanning and futures: Challenges to the UK can be varied and diverse, ranging from manmade deliberate actions by foreign states to naturally occurring events such as flooding, soil erosion and so on. Assessment of current and future challenges will need to be combined with risk management approaches
- How can we assess and mitigate systemic risks involving environmental factors? What are the best approaches for monitoring that tracks system dynamics based on key ‘watchpoints’ to trigger mitigation actions?
- How will changing freshwater budgets impact river flow, water availability, the risk of flooding, and natural systems?
- What actions would most effectively and efficiently improve the status of the natural environment and secure economic, social, and health benefits domestically and globally?
- Global drivers of declines in nature are well documented but we need to understand how drivers interact in the UK and globally, as well as the global impacts of UK activities. We also need to understand how our actions to address declines (such as policy responses, intervention and environmental management) impact drivers
- What is the status of our natural environment, is it being effectively monitored to note change in the UK and globally? We require robust, reliable data and information that can be used to assess status and trends in the natural environment (genetic and species diversity and trends, invasive species, habitats extent, condition and character, as well as soils and ecosystem services and functions)
- How to measure ecological connectivity and design coherent ecological networks through nature restoration?
- What is needed to further understand the value of plants and the wider environment to society, and how is this relationship eroded by pests and disease?
- What is the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment and within food systems, and to what extent is this facilitating the development and transmission of AMR between animal and human populations?
- How can local planning for nature-based solutions be best reconciled with regional and national strategies? What are the most effective ways to combine place-based participatory approaches with evidence and analysis of the likely effectiveness of nature-based solutions?
- What are the trade-offs between primary resource extraction versus reclamation of resources from waste streams in the context of resource security? How circular can the UK economy become?
- How can we effectively use nature on our land to help provide the services we need (carbon uptake, flood defence, resilience through biodiversity, clean air and water, recreation for public health and so on) and balance the provision of these services?
- What are the broader environmental consequences of changes to the housing and planning system, and what is needed to support a lower-carbon future?
- What are the impacts of greenhouse gas removals and negative emission technologies on climate and the environment? What are the trade-offs of negative emissions techniques and other interventions?
- How will agriculture affect the resilience to climate change of surrounding habitats and communities- for example water availability, flooding, land use change, chemical harm on ecosystem functions related to climate resilience?
- How is climate change affecting the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases, and how can we become more resilient to these outbreaks?
- How can society and government act to protect and enhance nature, thereby sustaining the ecosystem services (including mitigation and adaptation to climate change) it provides, under a changing climate?
- How can the UK develop measurement of carbon fluxes from different habitats and farming systems which are in different conditions and using different management approaches? This is especially relevant for peatland and coastal habitats
- How will natural habitats and systems respond to accelerating rate of change, including woodlands, soils, freshwater ecosystems, and marine systems? What will be the implications of these responses on managing the risks and impacts of climate change, and what inevitable changes will we have to accept in our ecosystems?
- Climate projections (for example UK Climate Projections 18) indicate increased climate variability and extreme events (storms, heat waves, drought) in the future. How will these changes impact natural and human systems? How can we protect against damage caused by such increased variability?
- How can standard methodologies measuring greenhouse gas emissions be applied to the creative industries and its sub-sectors? Which, if any, aspects of standard emissions measurement needs to be adjusted to creative industries activities while ensuring consistency and cross sector comparisons?
- What are the most appropriate methodologies and indicators to measure the environmental and economic benefits of deploying and maintaining repair and maintenance systems when protecting cultural assets? What are the benefits of this?
- How can standard methodologies on measuring greenhouse gas emissions be applied to AHT sectors? What kinds of new sustainability techniques and measures need to be developed specifically for AHT sectors?
- What are the biggest environmental risks impacting on the educational system and student outcomes, and how can they be mitigated?
- How can we improve the management of our ecosystems, including biodiversity loss, chemical pollution, environmental degradation, and the introduction of alien species, to reduce the risk of infectious zoonotic, animal, and plant diseases?
- What is the impact of chemical hazards (including nanomaterials and microplastics) in food and how can we reduce it?
- Determine the socio-economic costs of plastic litter on marine wildlife, ecosystems, and maritime industries. The costs incurred from changing to other materials, including the potential benefits to be made from new industries including small medium-size enterprise.
- Consistent and long-term environmental monitoring: Time-series increase in value for ecology and policy making as they grow in length. Decades of data are required to answer emerging questions around, for example, climate change impacts on biodiversity and the efficacy of management measures
- How can a One Health approach promote a cultural change to curb the expansion of illegal wildlife trafficking and implement solutions that will ultimately benefit humans and the planet, galvanising the role of protected species conservation and biodiversity on disease prevention and mitigation?
- Which practises can most effectively reduce emissions of GHG (including CH4 and N2O) from agriculture, waste, and wastewater, land-use, and F-gases in the UK and internationally?
- How much ground-level ozone does transport produce from electric vehicle motors, pantographs and other electrical devices which can generate arcs (electrical discharges in air)?
- How can we best model and understand the impacts on a global level of environmental policy actions?
- What impact could wider changes in the built environment, like decarbonisation, have on the pattern of removal of asbestos?
- What environmental and logistical improvements, including those related to road freight emissions, urban air quality and congestion, could we expect to see if the planning approval decision making process were more technocratic and gave more weight to wider improvements?
- What are the options and new technologies to detect and improve enforcement against vehicles with high noise emissions?
- What are the most effective and equitable transport related actions that can be taken to reduce emissions of (and exposure to) transport related air pollution (from particulates and NOx) in vulnerable communities, while helping growth, access to jobs and accessibility in more deprived areas?
- What are the health impacts from aviation environmental emissions (e.g., noise and air quality)?
- Reducing policing’s environmental impact